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Creative products are everywhere. Even in a busy kitchen, they do not prevent designers from experiencing life and flashing inspiration. Here, I will bring you some creative kitchen gadgets. They not only value comfort, but also using rest assured. The fashionable and easy-to-use gadgets make cooking more enjoyable. Let's have a look at them. Wood handle multi-purpose planer, space saving kitchen gadgets, not only can be placed in the drawer, but also can be placed vertically in a cabinet or storage on the shelf. The structure makes it easier to Planing cheese and vegetables. Pizza knife with wooden handle, cheese knife, cake shovel and cheese shovel are made of high-grade stainless steel on the surface, which can effectively reduce the absorption of grease, and can directly contact with food, with high strength, not easy to deform, not easy to rust. The egg beater with wooden handle combines the multi-layer structure skillfully with a simple handle, which is easy to clean. After cleaning, it can stand freely in any corner to dry without taking up space. Straight papaya planer with wooden handle and Y-shaped papaya planer with wooden handle, It is suitable for carrot, pumpkin, cucumber and so on. It's small and practical, so it's easy to fit into your cutlery drawer. Wood handle fish scale plane, specially tailored for family needs, two-way zigzag design, relaxed to remove fish scales. The stainless steel bottle opener with wooden handle can open beer and can, making life more convenient. Fat spoon with wood grain handle, healthy diet, starting from oil removal. In the process of daily soup, the grease on the surface is very difficult to remove. Sometimes it has to be wasted with the essence soup. Precision stainless steel mesh screen can block the fat macromolecules. It is simple to use and easy to clean. It is an ideal product for kitchen and dining room to filter the residual impurities in soup or edible oil. The core pulling device with wood grain handle is specially designed for the needs of families. It is professional in removing the core. It is easy to operate, simple and fast, convenient for cleaning, exquisite in shape, sharp and durable.

Stainless steel is widely used because of its high corrosion resistance and decoration, especially in medical appliances, food industrial appliances, tableware, kitchen appliances and so on. Stainless steel appliances should be corrosion resistant, bright and clean, and the surface of appliances should not be attached with toxic substances to human body. Therefore, the requirement of surface treatment for the production of such appliances is to thoroughly remove harmful substances on the surface. The materials needed for polishing stainless steel are: polishing wax, linen wheel, nylon wheel, cloth wheel, wind wheel, wire wheel, etc. Brightness Level By visual measurement, the brightness of polished parts surface is divided into five levels: Grade 1: White oxide film on the surface, no brightness; Level 2: slightly bright, cannot see the outline; Level 3: Brightness is good and outline can be seen; Level 4: The surface is bright and the outline is clearly visible; Level 5: Mirror-like brightness. At present, most polishing equipments used in stainless steel tableware factories are semi-automatic, and each polishing equipment is operated by a single worker. With the increasing labor costs, as a labor-intensive industry, production costs are getting higher and higher, and profits are getting lower and lower. The existing tableware polishing equipment is inefficient and bad perform, and the quality of processed products cannot guarantee consistency. The original fixture used is iron fixture, the uneven force will also cause certain damage to the product. The new equipment automatic polishing machine in the factory has simple structure, compact, small volume, convenient operation, accurate control, improved work efficiency and reduced the rate of defective products. The new type of equipment drives the turntable through a divider. It runs smoothly, transmits large torque, has low noise, long service life, low maintenance frequency, accurate positioning without error accumulation, and has the function of positioning self-locking. Pneumatic fixture is used to add air bag on the fixture to make the force uniform, good flexibility and fast speed. Stainless steel tablespoon plane automatic tableware polishing machine is mainly used for polishing and polishing the back arc of the head of various metal materials of the spoon. The effect can reach the mirror. Stainless steel spoon polishing machine polished appearance will not have any polishing marks, pitting and polishing uneven, but also suitable for knives, medium knives, steak knives, fish knives and other kitchen utensils products. Polishing process: Stainless steel tableware spoon automatic polishing machine, can be applied to a variety of metal polishing, polishing machine operation is simple, there is no technical difficulty. First of all, the unpolished products are placed one by one in our pre-made fixture fixed, and then put into the equipment workbench, the time of one placement is probably the time of finishing polishing. Super high efficiency, especially good effect, our factory called the spoon polishing artifact.

NCVM can control the semi-transparency of plastics with metal texture, that is to say, it can reflect the metal texture and have light penetration at the same time. When NCVM process is adopted in the shell of the product, the design of the product will be more varied and the appearance will be more beautiful by utilizing the translucent or semi-translucent characteristics. NCVM technology, with its special non-conductivity, metal texture and excellent physical and weatherability, is standing out in the field of vacuum plating technology, taking the lead. NCVM technology has become the key technology of 3C enterprises in electronic communication products, realizing new value for plastic surface coating. NCVM technology eliminates the harm to human body caused by hexavalent chromium and nickel and Cadmium Elements in electroplating process, and solves the environmental pollution caused by electroplating. VM is vacuum sputtering, NCVM is one of them, non-conductive vacuum metallization; ordinary electroplated plastic parts are conductive in the plating area, while NCVM plastic parts are not conductive in the plating area. NCVM can make products with colored metal effect, and because of its non-conductive performance, it does not affect the RF performance and ESD of mobile phones. NCVM process is more complex, if we want to produce products with color metal effect, it needs four or five times of coating and baking. The general VM process is Base coating-middle coating-VM-top coating, which we call "three coatings". There are also two or four coatings. Conductivity and non-conductivity mainly depend on the difference between the target metal and the target metal. For example, the same is silver effect. If conductivity is conducted, the target metal is aluminum. If it is not conductive, the target metal is tin or other. Indium, and the film thickness to be controlled is very thin, about 200-500 nm, thick will conduct electricity. Processing yield depends on paint, product structure, production line equipment, customer requirements standards, manufacturer's technical ability and customer quality standards, mainly coating affects yield, if only a vacuum plating station's yield base. Instinct control is 99.9% or 100%. The international brand basically uses RF to measure the echo loss directly to check 100% of the conductivity of the final product. 1. Yield: The yield of NCVM is higher than that of traditional hydropower, but if the product area is larger, it will be lower accordingly. 2. Application: In recent years, NCVM has been widely used in the internal plastic parts of mobile phone, such as lens, shell, internal structure and automobile, especially in the mobile phone parts. At present, many mobile phone manufacturers have begun (possibly already on the market) to apply VM to the whole set of mobile phones. 3. Performance: The performance of NCVM after the second process is actually quite fragile, because the metal adsorbed on the surface of plastic shell in atom fog state is completely exposed to air. Because the metal film layer has certain "metal activity" at this time, fingerprint, scratch and other contacts directly affect the appearance and performance. After TOP-COATING (the surface is cured by UV), the performance is greatly improved, because at that time, the outermost layer is no longer a metal film, but a hardened paint! 4. Derivatives: NCVM can achieve bright, white and grey metal effects, depending on different metal targets, such as chromium, aluminium, nickel, cobalt, etc. In addition, VM can achieve "color metal" effect, that is, "color plating". There are many methods, one is adding color powder in VM furnace, the cost is low; the other is through TOP. - The color realization of COATING paint, therefore, is not necessarily the true color of metal, but the color of paint, the process does not need to go through four or five processes; in addition, VM can also produce translucent effect (color white can be), more used on mobile phones. As a functional finishing technology, electroplating technology has been widely used in electronic products due to its excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, uniformity of coating thickness and high density. With the rapid development of electronic industry, the requirements for electroplating technology are becoming higher and higher. New technologies, new products and new processes are emerging in an endless stream. The main characteristic of NCVM is that it combines the characteristics of traditional vacuum plating technology, adopts new plating technology and new materials, and makes different color metal appearance effect of ordinary vacuum plating, which plays a role in beautifying the surface of workpiece. The finished products manufactured by NCVM technology can be tested by tens of thousands of volts of high voltage meter without conduction or breakdown. It is precisely because of its non-conductivity that when the mobile phone or Bluetooth headset receives or transmits signals, the electromagnetic field generated is not deposited by the electroplating layer, thus not affecting the RF (radio frequency) performance and ESD (electrostatic discharge) performance of the mobile phone, that is to say, making the wireless products achieve better reception effect, no noise, not to mention. Has any influence on the human body. From the point of view of electrical performance, it can pass conductivity test and electronic interference test. From the vacuum coating itself, it can guarantee normal physical and weatherproof testing, such as adhesion, wear resistance, alcohol resistance, artificial sweat resistance and high temperature and humidity storage. When NCVM process is adopted in the chassis of communication products, the antenna module of the product does not need to be re-designed to be grounded to the machine board, which can save the detection on the antenna module and the cost; at the same time, the appearance of the product has a strong metallic texture, thereby improving the technological content of the product and increasing the added value of the product. In addition, NCVM can control the semi-transparency of plastics with metal texture, that is to say, it can reflect the metal texture and have light penetration at the same time. When NCVM process is adopted in the shell of the product, the design of the product will be more varied and the appearance will be more beautiful by utilizing the translucent or semi-translucent characteristics. NCVM is a kind of thin film plated with metal and insulating compound. By utilizing the discontinuous characteristics of each phase, tin-free electroplating can obtain the final appearance of metal texture without affecting the effect of wireless communication transmission. Firstly, non-conductivity should be realized to meet the normal use of wireless communication products; secondly, the important appearance requirement of "metal texture" should be guaranteed; finally, through the combination of UV coating and coating layer, Wuxi electroplating can ultimately ensure the physical properties and weather resistance of products to meet customer needs. NCVM can be applied to all kinds of plastic materials, such as PC, PC+ABS, ABS, PMMA, NYLON, engineering plastics, etc. It is more in line with the green environmental protection requirements of the manufacturing process. Wuxi electroplating is an alternative technology for non-Chrome electroplating products and is suitable for all plastic products requiring surface treatment.

NCVM, also known as discontinuous coating technology or non-conductive electroplating technology, is a new high technology originating from ordinary vacuum plating. Vacuum plating, short for VM, is the abbreviation of vacuum metallization. It refers to metal materials under vacuum conditions, using chemical, physical and other specific means of organic conversion, so that metal into particles, deposited or adsorbed on the surface of plastic materials, forming a film, that is, what we call coating. Vacuum non-conductive electroplating, also known as NCVM, is the abbreviation of non-conductive vacuum metallization in English. Its processing technology is higher than that of ordinary vacuum plating, and its processing process is much more complicated than that of ordinary process. Characteristic NCVM uses metal and insulating compound coatings to obtain the final appearance of metallic texture without affecting the effect of wireless communication transmission by utilizing the discontinuous characteristics of each phase. First of all, it is necessary to achieve non-conductivity to meet the normal use of wireless communication products; secondly, it is necessary to ensure the important appearance requirements of "metal texture"; finally, through the combination of UV coating and coating layer, the product's physical properties and weather resistance are guaranteed to meet customer needs. NCVM can be applied to all kinds of plastic materials, such as PC, PC+ABS, ABS, PMMA, NYLON, engineering plastics, etc. It is more in line with the green environmental protection requirements of the manufacturing process. It is an alternative technology for non-Chrome plating products. It is suitable for all plastic products requiring surface treatment, especially for 3C products with signal transceiver. It is in the area near the antenna cover, such as Mobile Phone, PDA, Smart Phone, GPS satellite navigation, Bluetooth headphones and so on. The main characteristic of NCVM is that it combines the characteristics of traditional vacuum plating technology, adopts new plating technology and new materials, and makes different color metal appearance effect of ordinary vacuum plating, which plays a role in beautifying the surface of workpiece. The finished products manufactured by NCVM technology can be tested by tens of thousands of volts of high voltage meter without conduction or breakdown. It is precisely because of its non-conductivity that when the mobile phone or Bluetooth headset receives or transmits signals, the electromagnetic field generated is not deposited by the electroplating layer, thus not affecting the RF (radio frequency) performance and ESD (electrostatic discharge) performance of the mobile phone, that is to say, making the wireless products achieve better reception effect, no noise, not to mention. Has any influence on the human body. From the point of view of electrical performance, it can pass conductivity test and electronic interference test. From the vacuum coating itself, it can guarantee normal physical and weatherproof testing, such as adhesion, wear resistance, alcohol resistance, artificial sweat resistance, high temperature and humidity storage, etc. When NCVM process is adopted in the chassis of communication products, the antenna module of the product does not need to be re-designed to be grounded to the machine board, which can save the detection on the antenna module and the cost; at the same time, the appearance of the product has a strong metallic texture, thereby improving the technological content of the product and increasing the added value of the product.

PVD technology is a surface treatment process in which titanium, gold, graphite, crystal and other metal or non-metal, gas materials are deposited on the substrate by sputtering, evaporation or ion plating in vacuum. Compared with the traditional electroless plating method, PVD has many advantages: no pollution to the environment, is a green environmental protection process; no harm to the operator; solid, compact, corrosion resistance, uniform film thickness. The main methods commonly used in PVD technology are evaporation coating (including arc evaporation, electron gun evaporation, resistance wire evaporation, etc.), sputtering coating (including DC magnetron sputtering, intermediate frequency magnetron sputtering, radio frequency sputtering, etc.). These methods are collectively called physical vapor Deposition (P VD. IP (ion plating) ion plating is commonly referred to in the industry because various gas ions and metal ions play an important role in the process of film formation in PVD technology. In order to emphasize the role of ions, it is collectively called ion plating. The common PVD decorative film has several major color systems: 1. IP rose gold is a kind of gold and copper alloy, which is widely used in jewelry design and processing because of its very fashionable and beautiful rose-red color. Also known as pink gold, red gold. Since this metal was once popular in Russia in the early 19th century, it is also known as Russian gold, but the term is now rarely used. 2. IP gold is deposited on the workpiece to be plated by ion plating. Generally, it consists of imitation gold layer and surface gold layer. The color of the surface gold layer is the same as that of 24K gold. The thickness of the gold layer can be plated according to customer's requirements. 3. The imitation gold series (including imitation gold and imitation rose gold) does not contain gold. Its general composition is composed of TiN TiCN ZrN ZrCN and other ceramic compounds. Its color is similar to that of IP rose gold and IP gold, but it is difficult to achieve the brightness of real gold. 4. Silver series, generally chromium compounds, can be adjusted in color, can be divided into cold series and warm series, cold series with blue, metal light sensitivity, warm series with yellow, close to the true color of stainless steel. 5. Grey series, the general composition of titanium compounds or chromium compounds can also be a mixture of several target materials, color depth can be adjusted, tone can also be adjusted according to customer requirements. 6. Black series, generally consisting of metal carbides, can be adjusted in color, tone according to customer's requirements, different metal carbides have different characteristics and tones, according to customer's needs, different film systems can be selected. 7. Blue series, sky blue, ice blue, ocean blue, dark blue and so on, different color components are also different. 8. Purple, coffee, seven colors, etc. are not commonly used colors.

Ignite the first fire of the early spring, not the new year's sun, but this fire to explosion of the cat claw cup, this is the battlefield without smoke, but there is still your trophy. Star Bark once again entered the people's field of vision. There are more and more people raising cats. Cats are very cute and changeable creatures. They are good at showing loveliness, acting like a spoiled child and even high-cold. They are loved by modern people. Now, the designers have designed a special stainless steel cat claw spoon for cat lovers, which has a Funny modeling and vivid image. It matches the Starbucks cat claw cup perfectly, so that you can enjoy the pleasure of cat claw spoon when cat star is not around. The pet companion, While drinking coffee and playing with cats at the same time, awfully happy. Beautiful things embellish delicate life! The cat claw spoon in the popularity exploded has finally come into the world! reach out the fleshy claw show loveliness to you. Cat lovers can't miss it~ Three-dimensional cat claws, vivid and lovely, the details are so delicate, the wonderful power from the germinating planet, so that the cat lovers cannot control themselves!

The plating thickness of most PVD wear-resistant coatings is less than 10 microns, and the plating thickness of PVD wear-resistant coatings designed with special gradient interface is difficult to exceed 50 microns, which greatly limits the application of PVD wear-resistant coatings on the surface of heavy-duty, long life and high reliability parts. Through the design and regulation of plasma energy and state in vacuum reaction chamber, Ningbo Material Institute has effectively reduced the internal stress accumulation and surface back-sputtering loss caused by bombardment during the film-forming process of PVD wear-resistant coatings, and successfully made the single layer of typical PVD wear-resistant coatings such as CrN reach 100 microns in thickness, which indicates that Using gradient layer, alternating layer or multi-component composite structure design method is expected to realize the preparation of larger thickness of PVD wear-resistant coatings, making the plating thickness of PVD wear-resistant coatings step into the era of 100 micron/sub-millimeter, greatly improving the load-carrying capacity and service life of PVD wear-resistant coatings, as well as high under complex working conditions such as valves and blades. Surface protection of reliability components opens up a new way.

Types and Definitions of Corrosion One kind of stainless steel has good corrosion resistance in many media, but in another medium, it may be corroded because of its low chemical stability. Therefore, a stainless steel can 't resist all media corrosion. In many industrial applications, stainless steel can provide satisfactory corrosion resistance. According to experience, besides mechanical failure, the corrosion of stainless steel is mainly manifested in local corrosion (i.e. stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, corrosion fatigue and crevice corrosion). The failure cases caused by local corrosion account for almost half of the failure cases. In fact, many failure accidents can be avoided by reasonable selection of materials. Metal corrosion can be divided into three types according to its mechanism: Terry corrosion, chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion. Most of the metal corrosion in practical life and engineering belongs to electrochemical corrosion. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a general term used to describe the alternating failure of stress-bearing alloys in corrosive environments due to the expansion of streaks. Stress corrosion cracking has brittle fracture morphology, but it may also occur in materials with high toughness. The necessary condition for stress corrosion cracking is the existence of tensile stress (whether residual stress or applied stress, or both) and specific corrosion medium. The formation and extension of the pattern are approximately perpendicular to the direction of tensile stress. This stress value, which leads to stress corrosion cracking, is much smaller than that required for material fracture without corrosive medium. Microscopically, cracks passing through grains are called transgranular cracks, while cracks extending along grain boundaries are called intergranular cracks. When stress corrosion cracks extend to a depth (where the stress on the load-bearing material section reaches its fracture stress in the air), the material follows normal cracks (in ductile materials, It is usually broken by aggregation of microscopic defects. Therefore, the section of the part which is invalidated due to stress corrosion cracking will contain the characteristic area of stress corrosion cracking and the "dimple" area associated with the aggregation of micro-defects. Point corrosion: Point corrosion refers to the high degree of local corrosion which occurs on the surface of most metal materials without corrosion or slight corrosion. The size of common corrosion points is less than 1.00mm, the depth is often greater than the surface aperture, the light ones have shallow pits, and even form perforations. Intergranular corrosion: Intergranular boundaries are the boundaries of disordered and mismatched grains with different crystallographic orientations. Therefore, they are favorable areas for the segregation of various solute elements or precipitation of metal compounds (such as carbides and delta phases) in steel. Therefore, it is not surprising that grain boundaries may be corroded first in some corrosive media. This type of corrosion is called intergranular corrosion. Most metals and alloys may exhibit intergranular corrosion in a specific corrosion medium. Intergranular corrosion is a kind of selective corrosion failure, which differs from general selective corrosion in that the locality of corrosion is micro-scale, while macro-scale is not necessarily local. Crevice corrosion: refers to the occurrence of spots or ulcerated macroscopical pits in the crevices of metal components. It is a form of local corrosion, which may occur in the crevices of solution stagnation or in the shielded surface. Such gaps can be formed at metal-to-metal or metal-to-metal joints, such as where rivets, bolts, gaskets, seats, loose surface sediments, and candles are joined to marine life. Total corrosion: A term used to describe the corrosion phenomena occurring on the entire alloy surface in a relatively uniform manner. When the overall corrosion occurs, the village materials gradually become thinner due to corrosion, and even the materials become corroded and invalid. Stainless steel may exhibit overall corrosion in strong acid and alkali. The failure problem caused by overall corrosion is not very worrying, because such corrosion can usually be predicted by simple immersion tests or by consulting literature on corrosion. Uniform corrosion: refers to the corrosion of all metal surfaces in contact with corrosive media. According to different application conditions, different requirements for corrosion resistance are put forward, which can be generally divided into two categories: 1. Stainless steel refers to corrosion-resistant steel in atmospheric and weak corrosive media. If the corrosion rate is less than 0.01 mm/year, it is considered as "complete corrosion resistance"; if the corrosion rate is less than 0.1 mm/year, it is considered as "corrosion resistance". 2. Corrosion-resistant steel refers to steel that can resist corrosion in various strongly corrosive media.

Classification Probable Component (%) Quenching property Corrosion resistance Processibility Weldability Magnetic Ferritic system Less than 0.35 no good good can have Martensite system Less than 1.20 Self-hardening can can can't have Austenite system Less than 0.25 no good good good no The above classification is only based on the matrix structure of the steel. Since the functions of the stabilized austenite and the ferrite-forming elements in the steel cannot be balanced with each other, the organization of the stainless steel used in the industry is in addition to the three basic types mentioned above. There are transitional multiphase stainless steels such as martensite-ferrite, austenite-ferrite, austenite-martensite, and stainless steel having a martensite-carbide structure. 1.Ferritic steel Low carbon chromium stainless steel containing more than 14% chromium, any chromium content stainless steel containing 27% of chromium, and molybdenum, titanium, niobium, silicon, aluminum, tungsten, vanadium, etc. The elemental stainless steel, the element that forms ferrite in the chemical composition, has an absolute advantage, and the matrix structure is ferrite. The microstructure of this type of steel in the quenched (solid solution) state is ferrite, and a small amount of carbides and intermetallic compounds are observed in the microstructure of the annealing and aging state. Among these, there are Crl7, Cr17Mo2Ti, Cr25, Cr25Mo3Ti, Cr28 and the like. Because of its high chromium content, ferritic stainless steel has better corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance, but its mechanical properties and process performance are poor. It is mostly used for acid-resistant structures with little stress and used as anti-oxidation steel. 2. Ferritic-martensitic steel This type of steel is in the y+a (or δ) two-phase state at high temperature, y-M transition occurs during rapid cooling, ferrite is still retained, and the normal temperature is martensite and ferrite, due to differences in composition and heating temperature. The amount of ferrite in the tissue can vary from a few percent to several tens of percent. 0Crl3 steel, lCrl3 steel, 2Cr13 steel with upper limit of chromium and lower limit of carbon, Cr17Ni2 steel, Cr17wn4 steel, and many modified 12% chromium heat-strength steel developed on the basis of ICrl3 steel (this type of steel is also called heat-resistant stainless steel) Many steel grades, such as Cr11MoV, Cr12WMoV, Crl2W4MoV, 18Crl2WMoVNb, etc. are all dry. Ferritic-martensitic steels can be partially quenched and strengthened to provide higher mechanical properties. However, their mechanical properties and process properties are largely affected by the content and distribution of ferrite in the structure. This kind of steel is divided into 12~14% and 15~18% series according to the chromium content in the composition. The former has the ability to resist atmospheric and weak corrosive media, and has good shock absorption and small coefficient of linear expansion; the latter has the same corrosion resistance as ferritic acid-resistant steel with the same chromium content, but to a certain extent Some of the disadvantages of high chromium ferritic steels are also retained. 3. Martensitic steel Such steels are in the y-phase region at normal quenching temperatures, but their y-phases are only stable at high temperatures, and the M-points are generally around 300 ° C, so they are transformed into martensite upon cooling. Such steels include 2Cr13, 2Cr13Ni2, 3Cr13 and partially modified 12% chromium heat-strength steels, such as 13Cr14NiWVBA, Cr11Ni2MoWVB steel and the like. The mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, process properties and physical properties of martensitic stainless steel are similar to those of ferritic-martensitic stainless steel containing 12-14% chromium. Since there is no free ferrite in the structure, the mechanical properties are higher than those of the above steel, but the heat sensitivity during heat treatment is low. 4. Martensite-carbide steel The carbon content of the Fe-C alloy at the decantation point is 0.83%. In stainless steel, the S point is shifted to the left due to chromium, and the steel containing 12% chromium and more than 0.4% carbon (Fig. 11-3), and 18% chromium and Steels larger than 0.3% carbon (Fig. 3) are all hypereutectoid steels. This type of steel is heated at normal quenching temperatures, and secondary carbides are not completely soluble in austenite, so the microstructure after quenching is composed of martensite and carbide. There are not many stainless steel grades belonging to this category, but some stainless steels with higher carbon content, such as 4Crl3, 9Cr18, 9Crl8MoV, 9Crl7MoVCo steel, etc., 3Crl3 steel with upper limit of carbon content is quenched at lower temperature, and may also appear. Such an organization. Due to the high carbon content, although the above three steel grades such as 9Cr18 contain more chromium, their corrosion resistance is only comparable to that of stainless steel containing 12 to 14% bismuth. The main use of this type of steel is to require high-hard and wear-resistant parts such as cutting tools, bearings, springs and medical equipment. 5. Austenitic steel This type of steel contains many elements which expand the y-zone and stabilize austenite. They are all y-phase at high temperatures and have an austenite structure at room temperature because Ms is below room temperature during cooling. 18-8, 18-12, 25-20, 20-25Mo and other chrome-nickel stainless steels, low-nickel stainless steels such as Cr18Mnl0Ni5, Cr13Ni4Mn9, Cr17Ni4Mn9N, Cr14Ni3Mnl4Ti steels, etc., which replace some nickel with manganese and add nitrogen, belong to this category. Austenitic stainless steels have many of the advantages already mentioned. Although the mechanical properties are relatively low, and ferritic stainless steels cannot be heat-treated, they can be strengthened by cold working deformation using work hardening. The disadvantage of this type of steel is that it is sensitive to intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion and needs to be eliminated by appropriate alloying additives and process measures. 6. Austenitic-ferritic steel The extent to which such steels expand the y-zone and stabilize austenite elements is not sufficient for the steel to have a pure austenite structure at normal temperature or high temperature, and thus is austenitic-ferritic complex phase, The amount of ferrite can also vary over a wide range depending on the composition and heating temperature. There are many stainless steels in this category, such as low-carbon 18-8 chrome-nickel steel, 18-8 chrome-nickel steel with titanium, tantalum and molybdenum, especially in the microstructure of cast steel, in addition to Chromium-manganese stainless steel (such as Cr17Mnll) with more than 14~15% chromium and less than 0.2% carbon, and most of the chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steels currently studied and used. Compared with pure austenitic stainless steel, this type of steel has many advantages, such as high yield strength, high resistance to intergranular corrosion, low sensitivity to stress corrosion, low tendency to generate hot cracks during welding, and good casting fluidity. and many more. The disadvantages are poor pressure processing performance, large pitting corrosion tendency, easy to produce c-phase brittleness, and weak magnetic properties under strong magnetic field. All of these advantages and disadvantages are derived from ferrite in the tissue. 7. Austenitic-martensitic steel The Ms point of this type of steel is lower than room temperature, and the austenite structure after solution treatment is easy to form and weld. Martensite transformation can usually be achieved by two processes. First, after solution treatment, heating at 700-800 degrees, austenite changes to a metastable state due to precipitation of chromium carbide, Ms point rises above room temperature, and transforms to martensite upon cooling; second, directly after solution treatment Cooled to between Ms and Mf to convert austenite to martensite. The latter method can obtain higher corrosion resistance, but the interval between the solution treatment and the deep cooling should not be too long, otherwise the deep cooling strengthening effect will be reduced due to the aging strengthening effect of austenite. After the above treatment, the steel is aged for another 400 to 500 degrees, so that the intermetallic compound is further strengthened. Typical steel grades for this type of steel are 17Cr-7Ni-A1, 15Cr-9Ni-A1, 17Cr-5Ni-Mo, 15Cr-8Ni-Mo-A1, and the like. This type of steel is also called austenitic-martensitic aged stainless steel, and because in fact, in addition to austenite and martensite, there are different amounts of ferrite in the microstructure of these steels. Precursor precipitation hardened stainless steel. This type of steel is a new type of stainless steel developed and applied in the late 1950s. Their overall characteristics are high strength (C up to 100-150) and good thermal strength, but due to the low chromium content and the precipitation of chromium carbide during heat treatment. Therefore, the corrosion resistance is lower than that of the standard austenitic stainless steel. It can also be said that the high strength of this type of steel is obtained at the expense of a part of corrosion resistance and other properties (such as non-magnetic). Currently, this type of steel is mainly used in the aviation industry and rocket missile production, and is generally used in mechanical manufacturing. Not yet widespread, and there is also a collection of sub-high strength steels in the classification.

At present, there are more than 100 known chemical elements, and about 20 chemical elements can be encountered in steel materials commonly used in industry. For stainless steel, a special steel series formed by people's long-term struggle against corrosion, there are more than ten common elements. In addition to the basic element iron, the most important elements affecting the properties and structure of stainless steel are carbon, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, titanium, manganese, nitrogen, copper and cobalt. In addition to carbon, silicon and nitrogen, these elements are all transitional elements in the periodic table of chemical elements. In fact, the stainless steel used in industry has several or more elements at the same time. When several elements coexist in the stainless steel as a whole, their influence is much more complex than that when they exist alone. In this case, not only the effect of each element itself, but also the influence of each other should be considered. Therefore, the structure of stainless steel depends on all kinds of elements. The sum of the effects of elements. 1. The effect of various elements on the properties and structure of stainless steel 1-1. The decisive role of chromium in stainless steel: There is only one element that determines the nature of stainless steel, namely chromium. Each stainless steel contains a certain amount of chromium. So far, there is no stainless steel without chromium. The basic reason why chromium has become the main element determining the properties of stainless steel is that after adding chromium as alloy element to steel, the internal contradiction movement of chromium is promoted to develop in favor of corrosion resistance. This change can be explained in the following aspects: (1) Chromium increases the electrode potential of iron-based solid solution (2) Chromium passivates iron by absorbing iron electrons Passivation is a phenomenon that the corrosion resistance of metals and alloys is improved because the anodic reaction is blocked. There are many theories for passivation of metals and alloys, including film theory, adsorption theory and electron arrangement theory. 1-2. Duality of Carbon in Stainless Steel Carbon is one of the main elements of industrial steel. The properties and structure of steel depend largely on the content and distribution of carbon in steel, especially in stainless steel. The effect of carbon on the structure of stainless steel is mainly manifested in two aspects. On the one hand, carbon is an element of stable austenite and has a great effect (about 30 times that of nickel). On the other hand, because of the affinity between carbon and chromium, it forms a series of complex carbides with chromium. Therefore, the role of carbon in stainless steel is contradictory in terms of strength and corrosion resistance of candles. Understanding the law of this effect, we can choose stainless steel with different carbon content from different requirements. For example, the standard chromium content of the five steel grades, 0Crl3~4Cr13, which is the most widely used and minimum stainless steel in industry, is stipulated to be 12~14%. It is determined only after taking into account the factors that carbon and chromium form chromium carbide. The purpose is that the chromium content in solid solution should not be low after the combination of carbon and chromium into chromium carbide. The minimum chromium content is 11.7%. The strength and corrosion resistance of 0Cr13~2Crl3 steel are different from those of 3Crl3 and 4Cr13 steel because of their different carbon content. The corrosion resistance of 0Cr13~2Crl3 steel is better but its strength is lower than that of 3Crl3 and 4Cr13 steel. The latter two steel grades are mostly used to manufacture structural parts. Because of their high carbon content, the latter two steel grades can obtain higher strength for manufacturing springs and cutting tools. And wear-resistant parts. For example, in order to overcome the intergranular corrosion of 18-8 Chromium-Nickel Stainless steel, the carbon content of steel can be reduced to less than 0.03%, or the elements (titanium or niobium) with greater affinity than chromium and carbon can be added to prevent the formation of chromium carbide. Moreover, when high hardness and wear resistance become the main requirements, we can increase the carbon content of steel at the same time. The local chromium content is increased to meet both the requirements of hardness and wear resistance, and to take into account the certain anti-corrosion function. Industrial bearings, measuring tools and blades are made of stainless steel 9Cr18 and 9Cr17MoVCo. Although the carbon content is as high as 0.85-0.95%, their chromium content is correspondingly increased, so the requirements of corrosion resistance are still guaranteed. Generally speaking, the carbon content of stainless steel used in industry is relatively low. The carbon content of most stainless steel ranges from 0.1% to 0.4%, while that of acid-resistant steel ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. Stainless steel with carbon content greater than 0.4% only accounts for a small part of the total number of steel grades. This is because stainless steel always aims at corrosion resistance under most operating conditions. In addition, low carbon content is also due to some technical requirements, such as easy welding and cold deformation. 1-3. The role of nickel in stainless steel is played only after it cooperates with chromium. Nickel is an excellent corrosion resistant material and an important alloying element in alloy steel. Nickel is the austenite forming element in steel, but the corrosion resistance of low carbon nickel steel in some media will change significantly only when the content of nickel is 27%. So nickel can't make stainless steel alone. But when nickel and chromium exist in stainless steel at the same time, the stainless steel containing nickel has many valuable properties. Based on the above situation, the role of nickel as an alloying element in stainless steel is that it changes the structure of high chromium steel, thus improving the corrosion resistance and technological properties of stainless steel. 1-4. Manganese and nitrogen can replace nickel in chromium-nickel stainless steel Although there are many advantages of chromium-nickel austenitic steel, in recent decades, due to the development and application of nickel-based heat-resistant alloys and heat-strength steels containing less than 20% nickel, as well as the increasing demand for stainless steel by the development of chemical industry, nickel deposits are less and concentrated in a few areas, so it has been exported all over the world. The contradiction between supply and demand of nickel has been realized. Therefore, in stainless steel and many other alloy fields (such as steel for large castings and forgings, tool steel, Hot-Strength steel, etc.), especially in countries where nickel resources are relatively scarce, the scientific research and production practice of nickel saving and replacing nickel with other elements have been extensively carried out. In this respect, manganese and nitrogen have been more studied and applied instead of nickel. Nickel in stainless steel and heat resistant steel. The effect of manganese on austenite is similar to that of nickel. But to be exact, the function of manganese is not to form austenite, but to reduce the critical quenching speed of steel, increase the stability of austenite during cooling, inhibit the decomposition of austenite, and keep the austenite formed at high temperature to normal temperature. Manganese has little effect on improving the corrosion resistance of steel. For example, the content of manganese in steel varies from 0% to 10.4%, and the corrosion resistance of steel in air and acid does not change significantly. This is because manganese has little effect on increasing the electrode potential of iron-based solid solution, and the protective effect of oxide film formed is also very low. Although there are manganese-alloyed austenitic steels (such as 40Mn18Cr4, 50Mn18Cr4WN, ZGMn13 steel) in industry, they cannot be used as stainless steel. The effect of manganese on stabilizing austenite in steel is about half that of nickel, that is, the effect of 2% nitrogen on stabilizing austenite in steel is also greater than that of nickel. For example, in order to obtain austenite structure of 18% chromium steel at room temperature, low nickel stainless steel with manganese and nickel nitride and chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel with nickel element have been applied in industry, and some have successfully replaced the classical 18-8 Chromium-Nickel Stainless steel. 1-5. Titanium or niobium are added to stainless steel to prevent intergranular corrosion. 1-6. Molybdenum and copper can improve the corrosion resistance of some stainless steels. 1-7. Effect of Other Elements on Properties and Microstructure of Stainless Steel. In addition to those elements which have great influence on the properties and structure of stainless steel, there are also some other elements in stainless steel. Some are as common impurity elements as steel, such as silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, etc. Others are added for some specific purposes, such as cobalt, boron, selenium, rare earth elements, etc. From the main property of corrosion resistance of stainless steel, these elements are not the main aspects compared with the nine elements discussed. Nevertheless, they cannot be completely ignored, because they also affect the properties and structure of stainless steel. Silicon is an element that forms ferrite and is a common impurity element in general stainless steel. Cobalt as an alloying element is seldom used in steel because of its high price and its more important use in other fields (such as high-speed steel, cemented carbide, cobalt-based heat-resistant alloy, magnetic steel or hard magnetic alloy, etc.). Cobalt is not often added to stainless steel as alloying element. Stainless steel such as 9Crl7MoVCo steel (containing 1.2-1.8% cobalt) is often added with cobalt. The purpose is not to improve the corrosion resistance but to improve the hardness, because the main purpose of this stainless steel is to manufacture cutting machine tools, scissors and surgical blades. Boron: The corrosion resistance of high chromium ferritic stainless steel Crl7Mo2Ti in boiling 65% acetic acid can be improved by adding 0.005% boron. The hot plasticity of austenitic stainless steel can be improved by adding trace boron (0.0006-0.0007%). A small amount of boron increases the tendency of hot cracking in austenitic steel due to the formation of eutectic with low melting point, but it can prevent hot cracking when it contains more boron (0.5-0.6%). Because when the content of boron is 0.5-0.6%, the austenite-boride two-phase structure is formed, which reduces the melting point of the weld. When the solidification temperature of the molten pool is lower than that of the semi-melting zone, the tensile stress produced by the base metal during cooling is borne by the weld metal in the liquid and solid state, which does not cause cracks. Even if cracks are formed near the weld zone, they can be filled by the molten pool metal in the liquid-solid state. Chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel containing boron has special applications in atomic energy industry. Phosphorus: In general stainless steel are impurity elements, but its harmfulness in austenitic stainless steel is not as significant as in general steel, so the content can be allowed to be higher, if some information is put forward, up to 0.06%, in order to facilitate smelting control. The phosphorus content of individual manganese-bearing austenitic steels can reach 0.06% (e.g. 2Crl3NiMn9 steel) to 0.08% (e.g. Cr14Mnl4Ni steel). The strengthening effect of phosphorus on steel is also used as alloying element of aging hardening stainless steel. PH17-10P steel (containing 0.25% phosphorus) is PH-HNM steel (containing 0.30 phosphorus). Sulphur and Selenium: Impurity elements are also common in general stainless steel. But adding 0.2-0.4% sulphur to stainless steel can improve the cutting performance of stainless steel, and selenium has the same effect. Sulfur and selenium improve the cutting performance of stainless steel because they reduce the toughness of stainless steel. For example, the impact value of 18-8 chromium-nickel stainless steel can reach 30 kg/cm 2. The impact value of 18-8 steel containing 0.31% sulphur (0.084% C, 18.15% Cr, 9.25% Ni) is 1.8 kg/square centimeter, and contains 0. The impact value of 18-8 steel with 22% selenium (0.094% C, 18.4% Cr, 9% Ni) is 3.24 kg/square centimeter. Sulfur and selenium both reduce the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, so they are seldom used as alloying elements of stainless steel in practical application. Rare earth elements: Rare earth elements are used in stainless steel, mainly in improving process performance. If a small amount of rare earth elements are added to Crl7Ti steel and Cr17Mo2Ti steel, bubbles caused by hydrogen in ingot can be eliminated and cracks in billet can be reduced. The forging properties of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels can be significantly improved by adding 0.02-0.5% rare earth elements (Ce-La alloy). There used to be an austenitic steel containing 19.5% chromium, 23% nickel and molybdenum, copper and manganese. In the past, only castings could be produced due to its hot working properties, and various profiles could be rolled after adding rare earth elements. 2. Classification of stainless steels by metallographic structure and general characteristics of various stainless steels. According to chemical composition (mainly chromium content) and application, stainless steel can be divided into two categories: stainless steel and acid-resistant stainless steel. In industry, stainless steels are also classified according to the type of matrix structure of the steel after air cooling at high temperature (900-1100 degrees), which is determined by the characteristics of the effect of carbon and alloy elements discussed above on the structure of stainless steels. According to metallographic structure, stainless steel used in industry can be divided into three categories: ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel and austenitic stainless steel. It should be pointed out that martensitic stainless steel is not all non-weldable, but limited by some conditions, such as preheating before welding and high temperature tempering after welding, which makes the welding process more complicated. In actual production, some martensitic stainless steels such as 1Cr13, 2Cr13 and 2Cr13 are welded with 45 steel.

The physical properties of stainless steel are mainly expressed in the following aspects: 1. Thermal expansion coefficient: A change in the elemental mass element caused by a change in temperature. The coefficient of expansion is the slope of the expansion-temperature curve, the coefficient of instantaneous expansion is the slope at a particular temperature, and the average slope between the two specified temperatures is the average coefficient of thermal expansion. The coefficient of expansion can be expressed in terms of volume or length, usually expressed in length. 2. Density: The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance, and the unit is kg/m3 or 1b/in3. 3. Modulus of elasticity: When the force applied to the ends of the unit length ribs can cause a unit change in the length of the object, the force required per unit area is called the modulus of elasticity. The unit is 1b/in3 or N/m3. 4. Resistivity: The resistance measured between two pairs of cubes of unit length, expressed in Ω?m, μΩ?cm or (disused) Ω/(circular mil.ft). 5. Permeability: A dimensionless coefficient, indicating the degree to which a substance is easily magnetized, and the ratio of magnetic induction to magnetic field strength. 6. Melting temperature range: Determine the temperature at which the alloy begins to solidify and solidify. 7. Specific heat: The mass of material temperature per unit mass changes by 1 degree. In the Inch and CGs systems, the two values are the same as the heat, because the unit of heat (Biu or cal) depends on the unit mass of water rising by 1 degree. The value of specific heat in the International System of Units is different from the English or CGS system because the unit of energy (J) is defined by different definitions. The unit of specific heat is Btu (1b?0F) and J/(kg ?k). 8. Thermal conductivity: A measure of the rate at which a substance conducts heat. When a temperature gradient of 1 degree per unit length is established on a unit cross-sectional area material, the thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat per unit time, and the unit of thermal conductivity is Btu/(h?ft?0F) or w/(m ?K). 9. Thermal diffusivity: a property that determines the rate of advancement of the internal temperature of a substance. It is the ratio of thermal conductivity to the product of heat and density. The unit of thermal diffusivity is Btu/(h?ft?0F) or w/(m ?k) indicates.

Generally speaking, stainless steel is not easy to rust, in fact, part of stainless steel, both stainless and acid resistance (corrosion resistance). Stainless steel and corrosion resistance are due to the formation of chromium-rich oxide film (passivation film) on its surface. This kind of stainless and corrosion resistance is relative. The results show that the corrosion resistance of steel increases with the increase of chromium water content in weak medium such as atmosphere, water and oxidizing medium such as nitric acid. When chromium content reaches a certain percentage, the corrosion resistance of steel changes abruptly, i.e. from easy to not easy to rust, from no corrosion resistance to corrosion resistance. There are many ways to classify stainless steel. According to the structure classification at room temperature, there are martensite, austenite, ferrite and duplex stainless steel; according to the main chemical composition classification, basically can be divided into chromium stainless steel and Chromium-Nickel Stainless steel two systems; according to the use, there are nitric acid-resistant stainless steel, sulfuric acid-resistant stainless steel, seawater-resistant stainless steel and so on, according to corrosion-resistant type classification. It can be divided into pitting corrosion resistant stainless steel, stress corrosion resistant stainless steel, intergranular corrosion resistant stainless steel, etc. According to its functional characteristics, it can also be divided into non-magnetic stainless steel, free cutting stainless steel, low temperature stainless steel, high strength stainless steel and so on. Stainless steel is widely used in heavy industry, light industry, household goods industry and building decoration industry because of its excellent corrosion resistance, formability, compatibility and toughness in a wide temperature range. Austenitic stainless steel: Stainless steel with austenitic structure at room temperature. Steady austenite structure occurs in steels containing about 18% Cr, 8%~10% Ni and 0.1% C. Austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel includes famous 18Cr-8Ni steel and high Cr-Ni series steel developed by adding Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti and other elements on this basis. Austenitic stainless steel is nonmagnetic and has high toughness and plasticity, but its strength is low. It is impossible to strengthen austenitic stainless steel by phase transformation. It can only be strengthened by cold working. If S, Ca, Se, Te and other elements are added, it has good machinability. In addition to the corrosion resistance of oxidizing acid medium, such steels can also resist the corrosion of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid and urea if they contain elements such as Mo and Cu. The intercrystalline corrosion resistance of such steels can be significantly improved if the carbon content is less than 0.03% or Ti and Ni are contained. High silicon austenitic stainless steel with concentrated nitric acid has good corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steel has been widely used in all walks of life due to its comprehensive and good comprehensive properties. Ferritic stainless steel: Stainless steel with ferrite structure in service. The chromium content ranges from 11% to 30%. It has a body-centered cubic crystal structure. This kind of steel generally does not contain nickel, and sometimes contains a small amount of Mo, Ti, Nb and other elements. This kind of steel has the characteristics of high thermal conductivity, small expansion coefficient, good oxidation resistance and excellent stress corrosion resistance. It is mostly used to manufacture parts resistant to atmospheric, steam, water and oxidative acid corrosion. This kind of steel has some shortcomings, such as poor plasticity, obvious decrease of plasticity and corrosion resistance after welding, which limits its application. The application of out-of-furnace refining technology (AOD or VOD) can greatly reduce the gap elements such as carbon and nitrogen, thus making this kind of steel widely used. Austenite-ferrite duplex stainless steel: Stainless steel with about half austenite and ferrite structure. When the content of C is low, the content of Cr is 18%~28%, and the content of Ni is 3%~10%. Some steels also contain alloying elements such as Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti and N. Compared with ferrite, this kind of steel has higher plasticity, toughness, no room temperature brittleness, better intergranular corrosion resistance and weldability, and maintains 475 brittleness and high thermal conductivity of ferrite stainless steel, which has the characteristics of superplasticity. Compared with austenitic stainless steel, it has higher strength, better resistance to intercrystalline corrosion and chloride stress corrosion. Duplex stainless steel is a nickel-saving stainless steel with excellent pitting resistance. Martensitic stainless steel: Stainless steel whose mechanical properties can be adjusted by heat treatment is a kind of hardening stainless steel. Typical brands are Cr13, such as 2Cr13, 3Cr13, 4Cr13, etc. It has high hardness and different tempering temperature with different combination of strength and toughness. It is mainly used for steam turbine blades, tableware and surgical instruments. According to the difference of chemical composition, martensitic stainless steel can be divided into martensitic chromium steel and martensitic chromium-nickel steel. According to the different structure and strengthening mechanism, it can also be divided into martensitic stainless steel, martensitic and Semi-austenitic (or semi-martensitic) precipitation hardening stainless steel and Maraging Stainless steel.

For the corrosion resistance of PVD coating, the influence of the substrate on the corrosion resistance is very important. Different substrates and the same PVD coating have different corrosion resistance test results. If you look at the following stainless steel materials, you will find stainless steel types. There are many different corrosion resistances for different conditions, which ultimately leads to different corrosion resistance of the coating surface. Stainless steel definition A high-alloy steel that resists corrosion in air or chemically corrosive media. Stainless steel has an aesthetically pleasing surface and good corrosion resistance. It does not require surface treatment such as plating, but also exhibits the inherent surface properties of stainless steel. One of the aspects of steel, commonly referred to as stainless steel. Representative properties include high-alloy steels such as 13 chrome steel and 18-chrome nickel steel. From the perspective of metallography, because stainless steel contains chromium and the surface forms a very thin chromium film, this film is isolated from the intrusion of oxygen in the steel to resist corrosion. In order to maintain the corrosion resistance inherent in stainless steel, the steel must contain more than 12% chromium. Type of stainless steel: Stainless steel can be roughly classified by use, chemical composition and metallographic structure. The steel of the austenitic system is composed of 18% chromium-8% nickel, and the amount of each element is changed differently, and steel grades for various uses are developed. Classified by chemical composition: 1. CR series: ferrite series, martensite series 2. CR-NI series: austenite series, anomaly series, precipitation hardening series. Classification by metallographic organization: 1.Austenitic stainless steel 2. Ferritic stainless steel 3. Martensitic stainless steel 4. Duplex stainless steel 5. Precipitation hardening stainless steel Stainless steel marking method First, the number and representation of steel 1. Use the international chemical element symbol and the national symbol to represent the chemical composition, and use the Arabic alphabet to indicate the content of the ingredient: e.g. China, Russia 12CrNi3A 2. Use a fixed number of digits to indicate a steel series or number; for example: the United States, Japan, 300 series, 400 series, 200 series; 3. Use the Latin alphabet and the sequence to form the serial number, which only indicates the purpose. Second, China's numbering rules (1)Use element symbols (2) Use, Chinese Pinyin Flat furnace steel: P, boiling steel: F, killed steel: B, A steel: A, T8: special 8, GCr15: Ball Coupling steel, spring steel, such as: 20CrMnTi60SiMn, (using a few ten thousandths to indicate C content) Stainless steel, alloy tool steel (representing C content in parts per thousand), such as: 1Cr18Ni9 one thousandth (i.e. 0.1% C), stainless C≤0.08% such as 0Cr18Ni9, ultra low carbon C≤0.03% such as 0Cr17Ni13Mo Third, the international stainless steel marking method The American Iron and Steel Institute uses three digits to mark various standard grades of malleable stainless steel. among them: 1. Austenitic stainless steel is marked with numbers in the 200 and 300 series. 2. Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are represented by numbers in the 400 series. For example, some of the more common austenitic stainless steels are marked with 201, 304, 316, and 310. 3. Ferritic stainless steel is marked with 430 and 446, martensitic stainless steel is marked with 410, 420 and 440C, two-phase (austenitic-ferritic), 4. Stainless steel, precipitation hardened stainless steel and high alloys containing less than 50% iron are usually named after patent names or trademarks. Fourth, the standard classification and gradation 1. Rating: (1) national standard GB (2) industry standard YB (3)local standards (4)enterprise standard Q/CB 2. classification: (1) product standard (2) packaging standards (3)method standard (4) basic standards 3. standard level (in three gradation): Y gradation: international advanced level I gradation: International general level H gradation: domestic advanced level 4. the national standard GB1220-84 stainless steel bar (I grade) GB4241-84 Stainless welded plate garden (H grade) GB4356-84 Stainless Welding Plate Garden (I grade) GB1270-80 stainless steel pipe (I grade) GB12771-91 stainless welded pipe (Y grade) GB3280-84 stainless cold plate (I grade) GB4237-84 stainless hot plate (I grade) GB4239-91 stainless cold belt (I grade)

In the magnetron sputtering process, the titanium target is one of the most commonly used targets. The titanium target not only has good adhesion, but also can use titanium targets and appropriate reaction gases to make a variety of beautiful colors. Let me introduce the characteristics and advantages of titanium. 1. First of all, it is certain that the titanium target can be made in many colors, such as titanium gray, gun gray, black, imitation gold, brown, blue, purple, and so on. 2. Secondly, the adhesion of titanium is very good, and it has very good adhesion to ceramics and glass substrates, so titanium can be used for the base film material of the film with poor adhesion. Titanium can also be used as a material for film resistors or film capacitors. 3. Titanium has strong adsorption to reactive gases (such as CO, CO2, N2, O2 and water vapor above 650 °C). The fresh Ti film evaporated on the mercury wall forms a highly adsorb able surface with excellent surface properties. The gettering performance can almost chemically react with all gases except the inert gas. This property makes Ti widely used as a getter in ultra-high vacuum pumping systems, such as titanium sublimation pumps, sputter ion pumps, and the like. 4. Corrosion resistance, titanium is a very active metal, its equilibrium potential is very low, and the tendency of thermodynamic corrosion in the medium is large. In practice, however, titanium is very stable in many media, such as titanium, which is resistant to corrosion in media such as oxidizing, neutral, and weakly reducing. This is because titanium and oxygen have a great affinity. In the air or in an oxygen-containing medium, a dense, highly adherent and inert oxide film is formed on the surface of the titanium to protect the titanium substrate from corrosion. Even if it is mechanically worn, it will heal quickly or regenerate. This indicates that titanium is a metal with a strong tendency to passivate. Titanium oxide film with a medium temperature below 315 °C always maintains this characteristic. Titanium has metallic luster and is malleable. The density is 4.5 g/cm³ . Melting point 1660 ± 10 ° C. The boiling point is 3287 ° C. The valence price is +2, +3 and +4. The ionization energy is 6.82 eV. The main characteristics of titanium are low density, high mechanical strength and easy processing. The plasticity of titanium depends mainly on purity. The purer the titanium, the greater the plasticity. It has good corrosion resistance and is not affected by the atmosphere and sea water. At normal temperature, it will not be corroded by hydrochloric acid below 7%, sulfuric acid below 5%, nitric acid, aqua regia or dilute alkali solution; only hydrofluoric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, etc. can act on it. 5. Titanium has "probiotic" properties. In the human body, it can resist the corrosion of secretions and is non-toxic, and it is suitable for any sterilization method. Therefore, it is widely used in the manufacture of medical devices, artificial hip joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, flank joints, cranial bones, active heart valves, bone fixation clips. When new muscle fibers are wrapped around these "titanium bones", these titanium bones begin to maintain the normal activities of the human body. Titanium is a non-magnetic metal that is not magnetized in a large magnetic field, non-toxic and Human tissue and blood have good compatibility, so they are used by the medical community. 6. Good heat resistance and good low temperature resistance. The new titanium alloy can be used for a long time at 600 ° C or higher. Low-temperature titanium alloys represented by titanium alloys such as TA7 (Ti-5Al-2.5Sn), TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) and Ti-2.5Zr-1.5Mo, whose strength increases with decreasing temperature, but the plasticity changes are not Big. It maintains good ductility and toughness at low temperature of -196-253 °C, avoids cold and brittleness of metal, and is an ideal material for equipment such as cryogenic vessels and tanks. 7. Strong anti-damping performance When metal titanium is subjected to mechanical vibration and electrical vibration, it has the longest vibration decay time compared with steel and copper metal. This performance of titanium can be used as a tuning fork, a vibrating element of a medical ultrasonic pulverizer, and a vibrating film of an advanced acoustic speaker. 8. Tensile strength is close to its yield strength This property of titanium indicates that its yield ratio (tensile strength/yield strength) is high, indicating that the metal titanium material has poor plastic deformation during forming. Since the ratio of the yield limit of titanium to the modulus of elasticity is large, the resilience of titanium during molding is large. 9. Good heat transfer performance Although the thermal conductivity of titanium is lower than that of carbon steel and copper, the wall thickness can be greatly reduced due to the excellent corrosion resistance of titanium, and the heat exchange between the surface and the vapor is droplet condensation, which reduces the heat and titanium surface. Non-fouling also reduces thermal resistance, resulting in a significant increase in the heat transfer performance of titanium. 10. Low modulus of elasticity The modulus of elasticity of titanium is 106.4 GPa at room temperature, which is 57% of steel.

First, the basic concept of color. We see an object, first of all it feels its color. The color of the substance is seen by the human eye. If in a closed darkroom without light, or in a dark night, the color of the object is invisible. Only in the light, the color of matter can be seen by the naked eye, so we say that color is produced by the interaction of light and eyes. In fact, color is the result of the brain's identification of light of different nature projected on the retina. The color emitted by the light source itself is called the light source color. The color of matter we usually observe is called the object color. The generation of the object color is first determined by the nature of the object, that is, the internal structure of the object itself. Secondly, the color of the object is inseparable from the illumination. Light illuminates the surface of the object, a portion of the light is reflected by the surface of the object, and a portion of the light enters the object for refraction. Light entering the surface of the object is the result of the object's ability to absorb the wavelength of the incident light. The remaining part of the light is emitted through the object, which is what we usually call transmitted light. Finally, the color of the object is obtained by the human eye. Second, the light source and color We are not unfamiliar with light, because we live in the world of light every day, and the bright colors of various non-illuminating objects can only be seen by people under enough light, and all luminous objects can become The light source, while the sun is a huge natural light source, is also the only white light source for human beings. In fact, the white light source is a natural light composed of direct light and reflected light in the sky, also called cloudy light. We know that in a vacuum or in a uniform medium, light travels in a straight line, and if the light shines in the water, light is refracted. When people wash clothes by the river, when the sun shines on the soap foam or shines on the oil layer on the river, they will see a rainbow-like color. The iron chips cut from the lathe will often be exposed to the sun. There is a beautiful blue color, which is the interference of light. After the summer rain, the sky sometimes traverses a dazzling rainbow. This is because after the rain, there are still countless tiny water droplets floating in the sky. When the sun shines into the water droplets at a certain angle, it will cause With two refractions and one total reflection, the light emitted from the water droplets diverge into red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and purple. When we look at the drops of water with the sun, we will see a circular colored band of light. The phenomenon that sunlight diverges into two kinds of color light after two refractions is called the dispersion of light. With the development of science and technology, people gradually realize that light is an electromagnetic wave that can cause vision. In the whole electromagnetic spectrum, only a narrow part of the human eye can see that the wavelength of light is different, which will cause different vision. And we see that the substance is in a certain color, it can be monochromatic light, or it can be a mixture of several kinds of monochromatic light in different proportions. Third, the production of color. The range of visible light is approximately 400-800 nm. If the light having a wavelength of 400-800 nm is uniformly mixed in an appropriate ratio and then irradiated onto the retina of the eye, a white light sensation is generated. But why do substances show different colors? The first to reveal the color secret is the British scientist Newton. He used a prism to refract sunlight twice, and for the first time successfully broke it into seven colors of red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and purple. Not only did Newton break down the white light into the visible spectrum, he later managed to use the lens to bring the seven kinds of light together and then to white light. His experiments revealed that white light is composed of many different colors, different wavelengths or different frequencies. The composition of the mixed light. Now we have clearly realized that the color is just the light of different wavelengths, it shines on the retina of the human eye, and then gives the brain a feeling that we call this sense of color. Fourth, PVD decorative coating color A typical metal target exhibits high reflectance in the visible range (380-780 nm), exhibiting a silvery white color, but some non-ferrous metals, such as gold and copper, have selective absorption in a specific wavelength range, such that Special colors appear. Gold exhibits a characteristic golden color due to selective absorption of electrons at a wavelength of around 470 nm. In the actual coating, we often use the target and gas to form a metal compound to debug various colors.

First, the introduction Rose gold is an alloy of gold and copper. It is widely used in jewelry design and processing because of its very fashionable and beautiful rose red color. Also known as pink gold , red gold . Since this metal was once popular in Russia in the early 19th century, it is also known as Russian gold, but the term is now rarely used. Second, the composition The composition of rose gold is: pure gold + copper + silver / zinc. Because of its moderate synthetic ratio, it has the characteristics of strong ductility, high hardness, and variable color. At the same time, it blends 25% of other metals. It has high hardness and is not easy to be deformed or scratched. It can be used in delicate and delicate gold decoration design. Bring intricate and beautiful design ideas. According to reports, K gold is extremely plastic, and the gold wire pulled out by modern technology is thinner than the human hair. In addition, the gorgeous K gold jewelry is complicated in craftsmanship and the production process is cumbersome. It needs to be woven by professional machine wire drawing machine, so the K gold jewelry with exaggerated style and different style is much more expensive than the general 18K gold. Because the price of K gold jewelry is higher, more people buy it not for [wearing every day", but with clothing to attend different occasions. Third, color Rose gold, from her romantic name, can lead to countless wonderful associations. After sparkling gold jewelry and classic elegant platinum jewelry, the soft and charming rose gold jewelry has gradually become the "new darling" of fashion people. With her unique style and culture, she has created another new world of precious metal jewelry. Rose gold is usually composed of 75% gold and other alloys (commonly known as tri-color gold). The hardness is higher than that of pure gold. Compared with traditional gold and platinum, the pink rose gold not only makes the color of colored stones more intense, but also reflects the exquisite and delicate metal materials. Legend has it that pink rose gold first appeared in the late Victorian period. At that time, jewelry designers used this warm-toned metal to set gemstones and reliefs, or made brooch and other accessories. Today, it is popular in the fashion field, the ecological theme and jewelry design and production process. On the other hand, it is new. The pink rose gold not only symbolizes love, but also contains warm and timeless love----create with pure heart, it is definitely the best gift for the other half. Fourth, purity Although the names of red gold, rose gold, and pink gold can be used interchangeably, in reality, the three gold still have a difference in copper content---the more copper, the heavier the red. Because pure gold is golden yellow, pure copper is rose red. The common rose gold is an 18K gold with 75% gold. Since rose gold is a gold alloy, the so-called "pure rose gold" is not correct. Fifth, processing Rose gold tableware is popular in today's international tableware industry because of its gorgeous color and elegance. There are two kinds of rose gold meals on the market: 1. The tableware base is processed with rose gold alloy formula, the rose color belongs to its true color; 2. The tableware base is other K gold alloy, and the surface layer is plated with rose gold. The rose gold base tableware has a complicated process and is relatively high in cost. The rose gold plating process is a popular electroplating process in the late 1990s. At present, the rose gold electroplating process is stable and easy to operate, and the solution has excellent deep plating ability and uniform plating ability, and the cost is low. It can get the popular rose gold color, bright and uniform color, and has excellent decorative effect. Therefore, it has been widely used in the stainless steel tableware processing industry. Six, the maintenance of rose gold The same problem occurs with all gold-plated tableware. It is unavoidable that it is oxidized and faded. So how do we try to extend the life of our products as much as possible? Please note that do not use acid and alkaline cleaning products to clean the gold-plated tableware. Do not put the product in the dishwasher for cleaning. After cleaning, wipe it off with a clean cloth and do not let the water stains stay on it. We can only work hard from the maintenance here.

Rose gold, from her romantic name, can lead to countless wonderful associations. After sparkling gold jewelry and classic elegant platinum jewelry, the soft and charming rose gold jewelry has gradually become the "new darling" of fashion people. With her unique style and culture, she has created another new world of precious metal jewelry. Rose gold is usually composed of 75% gold and other alloys (commonly known as tri-color gold). The hardness is higher than that of pure gold. Compared with traditional gold and platinum, the pink rose gold not only makes the color of colored stones more intense, but also reflects the exquisite and delicate metal materials. It's warm colors such as pink and rose bring warmth and happiness to people; they are also varied in style, heart-shaped, marquise-shaped, oval-shaped, pear-shaped, emerald-shaped. A variety of different styles of jewelry, can be described as dazzling, whether women are professional wear, or evening dresses and suspenders, matching with them show elegant temperament. Rose gold color has been very popular in the watch industry in recent years. Many brands use PVD to deposit rose gold coating on stainless steel case and strap. The industry is called IP Rose Gold, and its technology is very mature. Rose gold plating generally consists of imitation gold layer and rose gold layer. The bottom layer of imitation gold is generally TiCN, which mainly increases the hardness and wear resistance of rose gold. The rose gold on the surface layer is formed by sputtering a rose gold target. There are some differences in the color of different rose gold target formulas, which are roughly divided into the following categories: 1. Crown gold, with a gold content of 22K (91.667%), was first used in the casting of gold coins by Henry VIII (1526). 2, the most common and most typical 18K rose gold, the gold content is also 18K (75%), but the other contains about 4% silver and 21% copper, showing a beautiful pale pink rose. 3, 14K red gold, gold content is 14K (58.33%), and other added metals are copper (41.67%). Some PVD coating plant rose gold targets also add some other rare elements to achieve different shades or to change the performance of the coating, which is one of the reasons for some differences in the color tone of each PVD factory on the market.

The main purpose of titanium plating on stainless steel (which should be titanium nitride) is to change the appearance of stainless steel to make it a golden surface, which is more noble and gorgeous. Due to the difference in chemical composition between the two, their corrosion resistance is different. Ordinary stainless steel is generally not resistant to chemical media corrosion, while acid-resistant steel generally has rust. The term [stainless steel" refers not only to a single type of stainless steel, but to more than one hundred industrial stainless steels, each of which has been developed for its specific application. Stainless steel refers to steel that is resistant to weak corrosive media such as air, steam, water, and chemically etched media such as acid, alkali, salt, etc., also known as stainless acid-resistant steel. In practical applications, steel that is resistant to weak corrosive media is often referred to as stainless steel, while steel that is resistant to chemical media is referred to as acid-resistant steel. Due to the difference in chemical composition between the two, the former is not necessarily resistant to chemical media corrosion, while the latter generally has rust. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel depends on the alloying elements contained in the steel. Titanium plating is in a high temperature, vacuum titanium furnace, titanium, zirconium metal. The metal or alloy vapor is ionized by a glow discharge of an inert gas, and the ions are accelerated by an electric field to deposit a negatively charged stainless steel plate, thereby forming a rich and colorful metal film. Carbon effect: Carbon is an element in austenitic stainless steel that strongly forms and stabilizes austenite and enlarges the austenite zone. The ability of carbon to form austenite is about 30 times that of nickel. Carbon is a kind of interstitial element, which can significantly increase the strength of austenitic stainless steel by solid solution strengthening. Carbon also improves the stress and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels in highly concentrated chlorides such as 42% MgCl2 boiling solutions. Weld ability: The requirements for welding performance vary from product to product. A type of tableware generally does not require welding performance, and even includes some pot enterprises. However, most products require good welding performance of raw materials, such as second-class tableware, vacuum flasks, steel pipes, water heaters, water dispensers, etc. Corrosion resistance: Most stainless steel products require good corrosion resistance, such as Class I and Class II tableware, kitchen utensils, water heaters, water dispensers, etc. Some foreign businessmen also conduct corrosion resistance tests on products: use NACL aqueous solution to warm to boiling. After a period of time, the solution is poured off, washed and dried, and the weight loss is determined to determine the degree of corrosion.

Have you heard that? Some McDonald's restaurants in Beijing will pilot a program to reduce straws. The 10 restaurants will stop offering plastic straws and test the "Non-straw cup cover". Not only that, Starbucks has previously announced that by 2020, all stores worldwide will ban plastic straws, replacing them with "adult suction cups" and environmentally friendly straws that do not require straws, and are expected to reduce plastic straws by 1 billion per year. Are you accustomed to the pleasure of sucking and sucking, are you ready for this " Non-straw " revolution? But what if the lipstick is lost? What if the drink accidentally spills? The most important thing is that we can't bite the straw again! Let's bring our own stainless steel straw rhythm? Will it be treated as a controlled tool when it passes the security check? "It doesn't matter, I can't afford it anyway!" Plastic products are difficult to degrade, and the damage to the ecological environment is long-term and deep. A plastic pipette lasts about 20 minutes, but it stays in nature for 200 years. The global consumption of plastic straws is staggering, and in the United States alone, about 500 million plastic straws are discarded every day. Plastic straws are difficult to reuse,their ultimate fate is not in the landfill or in the ocean. Although it is only a small part of the world's 335 million tons of plastic products per year, the annual plastic waste that flows to the ocean is 8 million tons. It is only plastic that enters the waters. It will be eaten by turtles, seabirds, fish and other animals. The food chain returns to the human body. Scientists have discovered micro-plastic particles in human excretions. The small straws contain great harm. It doesn't matter in your eyes, it is closely related to you. "Not free, but need the money is still given, just like the supermarket plastic bag, but it is an income-generating project!" But having to seek a straw behavior will force us to think, maybe only a few seconds, I really Need a straw? When the answer is no, your small behavior is a big step in environmental protection, Because every day there will be tens of thousands or even hundreds of millions of people who will answer the same question as you do, "I don't really need a straw." The measure of non-straw not only conforms to the development trend of the industry, but also brings tangible changes to our environment. More and more businesses in the market say [no" to plastic straws. In January 2018, the coffee chain brand Costa announced that it would stop supplying plastic straws to replace them with non-plastic products. InterContinental Hotels Group has announced that its more than 5,400 hotels will no longer use plastic straws by the end of 2019. At present, 1000+ hotels in Europe, Asia, China and Africa have stopped using plastic straws. It's time to say goodbye to the good time of biting the straw. While we are working hard, we should also be a "the guest of No-plastic".

1. Because titanium or titanium alloy is non-toxic and non-polluting, it cannot cause allergic reactions such as contact with human skin. Therefore, after titanium plating on watches or necklaces, it can prevent skin allergies; 2. Vacuum-plated titanium or titanium compounds, Can be made into a variety of colors such as golden, black, gray, reddish brown, orange, etc., to increase the aesthetic effect. And imitation gold coated titanium nitride, can achieve the favorite gold appearance with little cost; 3. Titanium or titanium Many compounds have the function of resisting acid and alkali resistance; 4. Many compounds of titanium such as titanium nitride and Titanium carbide are not only higher in hardness than ordinary metals, but also resistant to temperature and humidity and improve surface abrasion resistance; 5. In short, The effect of titanium plating on metal parts is too great.